The longstanding tensions between India and Pakistan have escalated dramatically in 2025, bringing the region to the brink of full-scale war. This article delves into the origins of the current conflict, the military engagements that have ensued, the diplomatic breakdown, and the broader implications for South Asia and the world.
1. The Catalyst: The Pahalgam Attack
Important: On April 22, 2025, a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Indian-administered Kashmir, resulted in the deaths of 26 people, primarily Hindu tourists. The Resistance Front, an offshoot of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba, claimed responsibility for the attack. India accused Pakistan of sponsoring the militants, leading to a rapid deterioration in bilateral relations. Pakistan denied the allegations, asserting that the attack was a result of internal insurgency . The Guardian +3 Wikipedia +3 Wikipedia +3 AP News
2. Military Escalation: Airstrikes and Border Clashes
Key Point: In retaliation, India launched "Operation Sindoor" on May 6, 2025, targeting nine sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, claiming to hit terrorist infrastructure. Subsequently, India conducted airstrikes on three locations within Pakistan, marking a significant escalation . On May 7, India confirmed launching three missiles into Pakistan-controlled territory, hitting areas in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and the eastern province of Punjab. Pakistani officials confirmed the attacks and stated that a response would follow . AP News The Sun
3. Diplomatic Breakdown: Suspension of Treaties and Expulsions
Highlight: In the wake of the attacks, both nations have taken drastic diplomatic measures. India suspended the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty, citing national security concerns and Pakistan's alleged support for cross-border terrorism. Pakistan condemned the move, warning that any disruption to the flow of water from shared rivers could be considered an act of war . Both countries have expelled diplomats, closed borders, and suspended trade and travel agreements. Pakistan also suspended the Shimla Agreement, a 1972 accord aimed at resolving disputes through dialogue .
4. Civil Defense and Military Preparations
Note: India has initiated nationwide civil defense drills, code-named "Operation Abhyaas," scheduled for May 7, 2025. The exercise aims to prepare civilians for potential airstrikes and other emergencies. Simultaneously, the Indian Air Force conducted "Exercise Aakraman," focusing on offensive operations and enhancing readiness for high-intensity warfare . Wikipedia +1 Latest news & breaking headlines +1 Latest news & breaking headlines Wikipedia
5. Regional and Global Implications
Summary: The conflict has far-reaching implications beyond South Asia. Both India and Pakistan are nuclear-armed states, and any escalation could have catastrophic consequences. The United Nations has called for maximum restraint and dialogue, while countries like Iran, Russia, and China have urged de-escalation . Asia Times Wikipedia